![]() He who wants to deal with them must not look at the external world he must search for them in the meaning of acting men. Goods, commodities, and wealth and all the other notions of conduct are not elements of nature they are elements of human meaning and conduct. Economics is not about things and tangible material objects it is about men, their meanings and actions. Praxeological reality is not the physical universe, but man's conscious reaction to the given state of this universe. Praxeology does not deal with the external world, but with man's conduct with regard to it. ![]() It is human meaning and action which transform them into means. External objects are as such only phenomena of the physical universe and the subject matter of the natural sciences. It is of primary importance to realize that parts of the external world become means only through the operation of the human mind and its offshoot, human action. Thinking man sees the serviceableness of things, i.e., their ability to minister to his ends, and acting man makes them means. A thing becomes a means when human reason plans to employ it for the attainment of some end and human action really employs it for this purpose. Means are not in the given universe in this universe there exist only things. Strictly speaking the end, goal, or aim of any action is always the relief from a felt uneasiness.Ī means is what serves to the attainment of any end, goal, or aim. One uses these terms in ordinary speech also to signify intermediate ends, goals, or aims these are points which acting man wants to attain only because he believes that he will reach his ultimate end, goal, or aim in passing beyond them. Ultimately, the inherent inequalities and exploitative economic relations between these two classes will lead to a revolution in which the working class rebels against the bourgeoisie, takes control of the means of production, and abolishes capitalism.The result sought by an action is called its end, goal, or aim.The bourgeoisie are able to leverage social institutions, including government, media, academia, organized religion, and the banking and financial systems, as tools and weapons against the proletariat with the goal of maintaining their positions of power and privilege.Since workers have little personal stake in the process of production, Marx believed they would become alienated from their work, and even from their own humanity, and turn resentful toward business owners.This creates an imbalance between owners and laborers, whose work is exploited by the owners for their own gain. To maximize profits, business owners have to get the most possible work out of their laborers while paying them the lowest possible wages.Workers are also readily replaceable in periods of high unemployment, further devaluing their perceived worth. Ordinary laborers, who do not own the means of production, such as factories, buildings, and materials, have little power in the capitalist economic system.Capitalist society is made up of two classes: the bourgeoisie, or business owners, who control the means of production, and the proletariat, or workers, whose labor transforms raw commodities into goods that have market value.
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